Liquids
|
|
Agent
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Purpose ,
Antiseptic & Disinfectant activity,
|
1. Alcohols
70% ethanol,
70% isopropyl alcohol
(Up to 95% can be used but not in the pure
form)
|
Kills – most vegetative bacteria, fungi
& viruses
Inactive
against spores of bacteria & fungi
1.
Skin disinfectant for
venepuncture, cannula insertion & IM injections.
2.
Disinfection of thermometers
and surfaces.
3.
Can be used as a base for other
bactericides.
eg:
Chlorhexidine, Iodine, Triclosan - For
pre-operation skin disinfection
-
eg: 0.5% chlorhexidine in 95%
ethanol
|
2. Aldehydes
*Gluteraldehyde (Cidex)
2% gluteraldehyde is very commonly used in
hospitals.
|
Kills – all organisms & spores
1.
2% Gluteraldehyde is used to
disinfect heat sensitive instruments
eg. Fiber optic
endoscopes , Dialysis equipment,
Plastic tubing.
1.
Gluteraldehyde – inactivated
less by organic matter.
2.
Need proper cleaning of
instruments before dipping.
3.
Tubes must be totally immersed
& completely filed.
4.
Non corrosive
5.
Irritant to skin, eyes &
mucous membrane – need proper washing with sterile water after immersion.
6.
Acidic solutions are slower
sporicides than alkaline solutions.
7.
Should be used within 14 days
or discarded following 20 immersions even before 14 days.
|
*Formaldehyde
|
Decontaminate postmortem rooms, &
laboratories.(fumigation)
|
Halogens : *Hypo
chlorine gas & chlorinated lime for purification of water
|
|
*Hypoclorites
|
Kills - bacteria, fungi, viruses &
spores , Good activity against HIV & hepatitis B
1.
1% (extra strong) – blood
spillage
2.
0.25% (strong) – lab: pipettes,
jars
3.
0.1% (moderate) - one penicillin bottle in one
litre of water for general environmental disinfection
- Corrosive to metal and is inactivated by
organic matter
Freshness & pH are critical, Discard
after 24 hrs
|
*iodine & iodophores
eg. Povidone iodine – cleaning &
disinfection of infected wounds
|
Kills – vegetative bacteria some fungi,
viruses & spores
1.
inactivated by organic matter
2.
good pre-operative skin
preparation
3.
rapid action
|
4. Diguanides
Savlon chlorhexidine + cetrimide
Hibiscrub –
4% chlorhexidine in detergent
Hibisol chlorhexidine + alcohol + glycerine
|
Kills – Staphylococcus
aureus & fungi
§ Moderate
activity against Gram (-) bacteria
Some activity against Pseudomonas
§ Little
activity against viruses
No activity against spores
§ Antiseptic
for skin & mucous membranes
§ used
as pre-operative skin preparation, lumber puncture, bone marrow aspiration
§ inactivated
by organic matter
|
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5. Phenolics (carbolic acid)
-
chloroxylenol (Dettol)
-
Clear soluble phenols
-
(Sudol Hycolin)
-
hexachlorophene (Phisohex)
-
Alkyl phenols (Lysol)
|
Kill
- bacteria including Pseudomonas & tubercle
bacilli, fungi& viruses.
Poor activity against bacterial spores.
1.
use to disinfect bed pans &
sputum mugs,
2.
Environmental disinfection
(Floors & walls)
1.
Not readily inactivated by
organic matter.
Skin irritant.
|
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6. Quaternary Ammonium compounds (QACs)
- cetrimide +
Benzalkoniumchloride (Zephiran)
|
Kill – Rabies virus, Staphylococci, some
Gram (-) bacilli
Poor activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa
1.
easily inactivated by soap,
cork
|
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7. Heavy metals
Mercury & silver
|
Bacteriostatic
1.
AgNO3 – 1-0.5%
Ophthalmia neonatorum
Silver sulphadizine – burns & chronic
wounds
|
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8.
Oxidizing agents - H2O2, KMnO4
|
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9. Dyes
*Aniline dyes – Malachite green, Crystal
violet
|
1.
Bactericidal
use in skin & wound antisepsis
|
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*Acridine dyes – Gentian violet, Methylene
blue, Acri flavin
|
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10. Soaps
|
Mild disinfectant activity, washing helps
in manual removal of bacteria
|
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11. Peracetic
acid
|
1.
effectiveness similar to
gluteraldehyde
2.
used for purposes as
gluteraldehyde
1.
used within 24 hrs of
preparation
2.
need less immersion time than
gluteraldehyde
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Gases
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12. Ethylene oxide
|
1.
to sterilize prosthetic heart
valves, plastic catheters, electronic items
|
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13. Formaldehyde gas
|
Decontaminate ventilators, anesthetic
equipment & baby incubators, etc..
|
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14. Low temperature saturated steam & Gaseous
formaldehyde
|
- at 65ºc low concentration formaldehyde
with sub atmospheric steam for 02 hrs
use for operative laproscopes, bronchoscopes,
& ventilators
|
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15. Gas plasma
Radio frequency energy & H2O2
vapour
|
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